When I went to an MFC in Moscow two months ago they told me to go to a bank to get my biometrics done. I don't think it was possible to do it at the MFC.
There was nothing to stop me from getting a SIM card on the same day. In fact, without the SIM card, it would have been impossible to receive the SMS verification codes from Gosuslugi (yes, you can receive these codes even before the SIM card has been fully activated following full Gosuslugi verification - a very handy thing to know).
You do not need Gosuslugi verification to get a SIM card (I was given a free promotional one, which I think is a common thing the phone companies provide if you ask for one). But I was able to use the SIM card (for calls and messages other than Gosuslugi ones) only after my Gosuslugi account had been fully verified. This did in fact take me until the second day but I think in principle it could all have been done the same day.
As far as the certified translation of the passport is concerned, if the passport details have not changed I can't think of any reason why your translation would not still be valid. The folks at the MFC and the bank wanted to see the translation so that they knew how to type in the details in Russian. I doubt they looked at the date it was translated.